Sample environment at low temperatures

2014 A review of low temperature techniques as applied to neutron scattering studies is presented. Methods of temperature measurements especially carbon thermometry are discussed. Problems of heat transfer are treated in detail for different kind of samples and some solutions are proposed. Revue Phys. Appl. 19 (1984) 677-683 SEPTEMBRE 1984, The number of neutron scattering studies at temperatures below 1 K increased considerably during the last years. The experimentalist wishing to pursue these studies must solve several technical difficulties : how to reach these temperatures, how to measure them, and how to transfer cold from the source to the sample. With the availability of dilution refrigerators capable of maintaining temperatures even below 5 mK the first problem is more or less solved. On the other hand, the problems of temperature measurement and thermal contact must in each case be studied individually. In this paper some possibilities of how to treat these problems will be presented Much of the content of this paper is based on several excellent books and extensive review papers [1-7].